First published in 1950, Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development outlined the eight stages Psychosocial Development Article people who are healthy go through. Each stage brings about a crisis that either builds or destroys personality. This theory is based upon Freud’s psychosexual stages, and also includes social influences. It has been criticized due to its generalizations but it remains an integral part of psychological thinking. It also played a role in re-thinking the notion of the ages of middle and late adulthood allowing us to see them as times of active personal development instead of an opportunity to live.
The first stage, infancy is a period that runs from birth until approximately 18 months. During this stage infancy, infants are completely dependent on their caregivers. The child learns to trust their caregivers by being able to observe how they respond to their needs such as feeding and comforting. This stage is critical for the development of their self-esteem, as well as their feeling of security.
The stage of toddlerhood is Erikson’s third stage of psychosocial development. It takes place between 18 months and 2 years. The child is developing their sense of autonomy during this phase, and the success or otherwise of this process is a major factor in the development of their personality and growth. If a child is unable to overcome the feelings of fear or guilt during this period, they’ll remain in a battle with these feelings throughout their lives. On the other hand, if a child can successfully complete this phase then they’ll be able to establish intimate relationships later on in their lives.
The 3rd stage of Erikson’s theories is preschool, which occurs between the three and five years old. At this stage the children are learning to be social and develop a strong self-belief. This is the time when parents and teachers must focus on developing positive and encouraging relationships with their children. The positive interactions help to encourage independence of the child while also providing guidance and encouragement for their efforts. The negative behavior, such as the indifference or criticism, can hurt a child’s confidence, as well as self-esteem.
The fourth stage in Erikson’s theories is elementary school, which takes place between the between the ages of 6-12. It is at this stage that a child begins to feel pressure from others such as peers and teachers. It is also where a child develops their sense of industry or the ability to set goals and accomplishments. Children that are praised for their efforts and encouraged by their instructors will be able to gain confidence and not have to be compared to others.
At the age of middle-age, many people start to contemplate their mortality. It is possible that they feel a sense of regret for actions they took or did not do. Someone who overcomes the challenges of this stage is likely to enjoy a satisfying and rich retirement. However, if they do not overcome these challenges then they could experience the midlife crisis which can cause serious mental health problems.
